Dear Students,
The following material for Soft Skill - Science and Society Materials, Bangalore University I am dedicating to all III Semester B.Com, BBM, BBA Students .
1. The first Renaissance scientist was a man named ---------
A. Nicolaus Copernicus B. Galileo
Galilei C. Johannes Kepler D. Isacc Newton
Answer: A
2. Which
is following fact true about Nicolaus Copernicus theory on planet earth?
A. Earth
is not the center of the universe
B. Earth
is the center of gravity and the lunar sphere
C.
Earth’s motions include rotation, revolution, and annual orientation/tilting of
the axis
D. All
the above
Answer: D
3. The
heliocentric model of Copernicus theory states about.
A. Earth Centered
Universe
B. Sun Centered Universe
Answer: B
4. Which is the fact
true about ‘Sun Centered Universe’?
A. The only planets
known and found were Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
B. All the planets were
orbiting around the Sun
C. Moon ignored the
Sun’s orbit and orbited around the Earth’s orbit
D. All the above
Answer: D
5. Who proposed that the
earth rotates daily and revolves around the sun?
A. Archimedes B.
Pythagoreans
C. Galileo
Galilei D. Johannes Kepler
Answer: A
6. DNA
without introns is
A.
B-DNA B. Z-DNA C. Nuclear DNA D. Mitochondrial DNA
Answer: D
8. Largest and the most developed
part of the human brain is
A.
Cerebellum B. Forebrain
c. Hypothalamus D. Midbrain
Answer: A
9. Science is __________________
activity.
A. Individual B. Social
C. Mandatory D. None of the above
Answer: B
10. _________________is American
author and professor of Biochemistry.
A. J.F Nash B. Issac Newton
C. Charles Darwin D. Issac Asimov
Answer: D
11. _________________ is the
biggest satellite of solar system
A. Ganymede B. Tollymede
C. Satranus D. None of the above
Answer: A
12. What is the
maximum speed possible for any wave in the solar system?
A. Every wave can have its own
speed
B. Speed of light
C. Speed of electron
D. None of the above
Answer: B
13. _______________
is the father of nuclear Physics.
A. Faraday B. W.L Bragg
C. Chadwick D. Rutherford
Answer: D
14. Mendel worked on ____________
plant.
A. Ground nut B. Cashew nut
C. Pea plant D. Tea-plant
Answer: C
15. The phenomenon of light to
change its wavelength when it transverses a transparent material is called
A. Photo electric effect B. Raman Effect
C. Dispersion D. Theory of relativity
Answer: B
16. Study of earth’s atmosphere
is called ____________________
A. Physiology B. Astronomy
C. Hydrology D. Meteorology
Answer: D
17. Cosmology is a study of
A. Religion B. Universe
C. Skin D. None of the above
Answer: B
18. ______________________ is a
statement that we assume is true
A. Logic B. Hypothesis
C. Inference D. Axiom
Answer: D
19. _______________________
introduced scientific method
A. Isaac Newton B. Francis Bacon
C. Albert Einstein D. Charles Darwin
Answer: B
20. Knowledge from experience or
experiments is called _____________ Knowledge.
A. Hypothesis B. Inference
C. Theorem D. Empirical
Answer: D
21. E=mc2 is an
equation to prove
A. Photo electric effect B. Radio activity
C. Brownian motion D. Theory of relativity
Answer: D
22. Inexorable means
A. Unchanging B. Changing
C. Relative D. Destructive
Answer: A
23. Primitive observer defined
natural phenomenon as activity of
A. Super natural forces B. Humans
C. Machines D. None of the above
Answer: A
24. Feudalism was replaced
by…………………….
A. Humanities B. scientific revolution
C. Religion D. Ideology
Answer: B
25. Science and Technology in
Ancient India is a work by……….
A. Joseph Needhan B. D.P Chattopadhyaya
C. Sushil Kanar Mukherjee D. John Bernal
Answer: B
26.……………..is classical age of
Indian science.
A. 300-600 AD B. 700-1200 AD
C. 400-900 A.D D. 900-1200AD
Answer: C
27. Greeks are to thank…………………for
their scientific tradition
A. Babylonians B. Egyptians
C. Indians D. Both (a) and
(b)
Answer: D
28. Arthur Schopenhauer is a
………..philosopher
A. German B. British
C. American D. French
Answer: A
29. The clay which showed the
properties of nitroglycerine is called…………….
A. Safety powder or dynamite B. dynamo
C. Gun powder D. Hydrogen
Answer: A
30. ----- is the founder
president of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology.
A. Prof. N.R Dhar B. J.C Ghosh
C. J.N Mukherjee D. Sushil Kumar Mukharjee
Answer: D
31. _______________ made science
possible.
A. Feudalism B. Capitalism
C. Poverty D. Political reasons
Answer: B
32. Ayurveda emerged during
_____________________period
A. Post-Vedic period B. Vedic period
C. Indus valley D. Modern
Answer: D
33. Einstein received Nobel Prize
for Physics in
A. 1919 B. 1920 C.
1921 D.1922
Answer: C
34. C.V Raman won Nobel Prize for
A. Literature B. Chemistry
C. Physics D. Peace
Answer: C
35. True goal of scientific
research is
A. Experimentation B. Theorization
C. Contribute to knowledge D Material prosperity.
Answer: C
36. _____________is a discovery
of Alexander Fleming.
A. Pencillin B. Radio
C. Television D. Small-pox vaccine
Answer: A
37. Science is __________________
activity.
A. Individual B. Social
C. Mandatory D. None of the above
Answer: B
38. Average weight of man’s brain
is ………………………….than woman’s.
A. Greater B. Lesser
C. Equal to D. None of the above
Answer: A
39. Who is the father of
genetics.
A. Charles Darwin B. Gustavo Kernel
C. Gregor Mendel D. Isaac Asimov
Answer: C
40. What is a problem of the
entire West
A. Poverty B. Illiteracy
C. The gulf between arts and
science D.
Language
Answer: C
41. ……………….. Was the beginning of
all scientific activities of England
A. Elizabethan period B. Victorian age
C. Modern period D. Jacobean period
Answer: B
42. Origin of species is a
work by
A. Mathew Arnold B. Charles Darwin
C. Albert Einstein D. Sigmund Freud
Answer: B
43.………………………… conflicted with
faith in the Victorian period
A. Science B. Philosophy
C. Mathematics D. None of these
Answer: A
44. The first unfavorable
condition for the underdevelopment of science and its history is………
A. Few know the entirety of
science
B. Few are capable of
investigation by him all scientific questions
C. Both (A) and (B)
D. None of these
Answer: C
45. M.Berthelot disproved theory
of ………
A. Evolution B. Natural selection
C. Vitalism D. Origin of the universe
Answer: C
46. ----- is a form of social
inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their
experiences.
A. Empirical Research B. Qualitative Research C. Quantitative Research
Answer: B
47. Researchers use ------- to
explore the behavior, perspectives, feelings and experiences of people and what
lies at the core of their lives.
A. Empirical Research B. Qualitative Research C. Quantitative Research
Answer: B
48. The natural science model has
which of the following scientific approach?
A. Positivism B. Objectivism C. Naturalism D. All the above
Answer: D
49.
Every individual has a capacity to develop into a worthy person is
propounded by
A. Cognitive theorist’s B. Psychoanalytic
theorists
C. Humanistic theories D. Behavioristic theorists
Answer:
C
50. The model which includes
sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory is proposed by
A. Jenkin and Dallenbach B. Broadbent
C. Hermann Ebbinghaus D. Atkinson and Shiffrin
Answer:
D
Question and answer
1. Give two examples of Cereals. (Wheat,
rice, Malt, Oats)
2. Define the Kharif crop and give two
examples. (The crops grown in rainy season are called as Kharif crops Ex.
Paddy, Soya bean, Ground Nut).
3. Write about the importance of Green
Revolution. (Indian population is growing enormously. Green Revolution is
the need of the hour to increase food-grain production.)
4. Define the term Hybridization.
(Crossing between genetically dissimilar plants)
5. What is the importance of Genetically
Modified Crops? (It is another way of improving the crop is by introducing
a gene that would provide the desired characteristic.)
6. Define the term mixed cropping and give two
examples. (Two or more crops grown simultaneously on the same piece of land
Ex. Wheat+ Gram; Wheat+ Mustard)
7. Distinguish between weeds, insect’s pests.
(Weeds are unwanted plants in the crop field Insect pest is nuisance in the
crop field)
8. What is Animal Husbandry?
It is a
scientific management of animal livestock, includes feeding, breeding and
diseases control. Animal-based farming includes cattle farming, Poultry
farming, fish farming, and bee keeping.
9. Distinguish between aquaculture and
mariculture. (Fish production is aquaculture. Growing of marine fishes is
called mariculture.)
10. What is the importance of Bee Culture? (It
is useful for honey, wax, and medicinal preparations. It also helps for
additional income to the farmer.)
11. Define Industrial
Revolution.
A series of
changes took place that transformed Great Britain in particular and Europe in
general, from a largely rural population, making a living almost entirely on
agriculture to a town-centered society engaged increasingly in factory
manufacture. This change was radical in nature, hence this period is known as
the Industrial Revolution.
12. Who coined the term
‘Industrial Revolution’?
Blanqui, a French socialist in 1837
coined the term.
13. Where did the Revolution
begin and when?
The Industrial Revolution began in
England in 1750.
14. Which two movements can be
regarded as the precursor of the Industrial Revolution?
The Renaissance and the Reformation
movements can be regarded as the precursor of the Industrial Revolution.
15. Name two important causes
that made England the first country to experience the Revolution.
Political stability and
availability of coal and iron were the two important causes that made England
the first country to experience the Revolution.
16. How did the constitutional
government of Great Britain help in bringing about the Industrial Revolution?
The government of Great Britain was
a parliamentary form of government; hence all got a free hand to do things on
their own without much interference from their national government. This helped
in Industrial Revolution.
17. When did Great Britain experience
the ‘Demographic Revolution’?
After 1750 Great Britain
experienced the ‘Demographic Revolution’.
18. When and by whom was the
Flying Shuttle invented?
The Flying Shuttle was invented in
1733 by John Kay.
19. In which year and by whom
was the Spinning Mule invented?
The Spinning Mule was invented in
1779 by Samuel Crompton.
20. What was the significance of
Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny?
Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny could
spin eight threads at a time instead of one thread like the old fashion spinning
wheel.
21. What is the importance of
James Watt?
In 1769, James
Watt improved on the existing steam engines and made an engine which could
drive the piston backward and forward and turn the wheels. His steam engine
became the center of every industry.
22. Who is regarded as the
father of the railway system? Where was the railway line to carry passengers
laid?
George Stephenson is regarded as
the father of the railway system. The railway to carry passengers was laid in
1830 between Liverpool and Manchester.
23. When and where was the first
railway line built in India?
In 1853 the first railway line was
laid to carry passengers from Mumbai to Thane.
24. Who improved on Hargreaves’
Spinning Jenny?
Richard Arkwright improved on
Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny.
25. What was the Crompton’s
Mule?
A weaver named Crompton invented
this machine which combined the advantages of Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny and
Arkwright’s Water Frame.
26. Name the first warship built
of iron plates in England.
The first warship built of iron
plates was the ‘Warrior’ in 1860.
27. Name the first Asian country
to be industrialized.
Japan was the first Asian country
to be industrialized.
28. Why did Russia face problems
in her industrialization?
Russia was
basically an agricultural country where peasants were bonded to their masters
and could not leave their lands without their permission. Serfdom was abolished
in 1861 and after that peasants got employed in factories. Also the Tsars were
not progressive and only after the Communist Revolution did things change.
Russia became the last European country to experience the Industrial
Revolution.
29. State two economic effects
of the Industrial Revolution.
The two economic effects of the
Industrial Revolution were urbanization and emergence of factory system.
30. Name two important cities of
England.
The two important cities of England
were Liverpool and Manchester.
31. State two social effects of
the Industrial Revolution.
The two social effects of the
Industrial Revolution were:
i. Emergence of Industrial
Capitalism which led to a division of society between the owners or the
capitalists and the workers who earned wages under the owners
ii. Trade Union movements to look
after the rights of the workers
32. What do you mean by
‘Industrial Capitalism’?
The Industrial
Revolution resulted in the growth of industrial capitalism. As a result, the
society was divided into capitalists, i.e. those who owned the means of
production, and the workers, who worked under the capitalists for wages. This
resulted in the concentration of economic power in a few hands, leading to
gross social inequalities. A wide gulf was created between the capitalists and
the workers.
33. Name some of the important
socialist thinkers.
Karl Marx, Robert Owen, Charles
Fourier, Saint Simon are the four important socialist thinkers.
34. What is meant by
Imperialism?
One of the
political effects of the Industrial Revolution was the desire on the part of
the industrialized countries to extend their territorial limits. This tendency
is known as ‘imperialism’.
35.
State two main activities of a modern Welfare State.
The two
main activities of a modern Welfare State are:
In modern Welfare State citizens receive
public assistance during sickness, unemployment and old age.
36. How Galileo’s inventions differ from
Copernicus?
Galileo was the first Astronomer to use what we call
science to find out what the Universe is made of. Copernicus was right,
but he was only guessing.
37. Mention few scientific inventions of Isaac
Newton.
Isaac Newton was able to
do. He invented Calculus, a difficult type of math; he discovered prisms;
he invented a new type of telescope; he discovered the laws of motion which
govern how things move in space.
Newton realized that the force of
gravity follows the same mathematical rules as light. He did this by
observing how quickly the Moon circles the Earth.
38. Mention about Newton's Laws of motion.
Isaac Newton
was the first person to understand how objects move in outer space. He
came up with three laws, which we still use today. He described
these laws as such:
1. An object continues at rest or in motion in
a straight line unless acted upon by another object or force.
2. The acceleration of an object is inversely
proportional to its mass. In other words, the heavier an object is the
more energy it will take to speed it up or slow it down.
3. To every action there is an opposite and
equal reaction. Or in other words, if you push on something in outer
space, it will push against you just as hard. If you throw something in
outer space, you will go the opposite direction.
39. Define Epistemology.
Epistemology is the theory of
knowledge and is concerned with the question of what counts as valid knowledge.
40. Define Methodology.
Methodology refers to the
principles and ideas on which researchers base their procedures and strategies.
The methodology – the underlying
rationale and framework of ideas and theories and it determines approaches,
methods and strategies to be adopted.
41. Define Triangulation.
Triangulation is the process by
which several methods such as data sources, theories and researchers are used
in the study of one phenomenon.
42. What is intron?
43. List few contributions of western civilization.
Galileo’s role
in changing our perception of our place in the universe; Newton’s demonstration
that the same laws apply to motion in the heavens and on earth; Darwin’s long
observations of the variety and relatedness of life forms that led to his
postulating a mechanism for how they came about; Lyell’s identification of
infectious disease with tiny organisms that could be seen only with a
microscope.
44. Which are all the diseases does not respond to antibiotic.
Cold or flu-like illnesses are
caused mainly by viruses and therefore will not respond to antibiotics.
45. Mention few of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria’s
are MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).
Multi-resistant E. coli and
Acinetobacter, both of can cause life-threatening infections.
46. What is the Importance of Relating Science and Society?
Science and
technology are integral parts of today’s world. Technology, which grows out of
scientific discovery, has changed and will continue to change our society.
Utilization of science in the solution of practical problems has resulted in
complex social issues that must be intelligently addressed by all citizens.
Students must be prepared to understand technological innovation, the
productivity of technology, the impact of the products of technology on the
quality of life, and the need for critical evolution of societal matters
involving the consequences of technology
Understand how
society influences science and technology, as well as how science and
technology influence society. Understand that the generation of scientific
knowledge depends upon the inquiry process and upon conceptual theories.
Recognize the
origin of science and understand that scientific knowledge is tentative, and
subject to change as evidence accumulates.
47. What is the name of conventional genetic
disease?
Sickle cell
disease
48. Discuss briefly about antibiotics.
Antibiotics have
only been available to treat bacterial infections since 1941 and in the
intervening period have saved millions of lives. Infections that used to be fatal,
such as pneumonia and meningitis, can now be cured with a course of
antibiotics.
For example blood-thinners
prescribed for stroke prevention, an antibiotic prescribed for an individual
has implications for other members of society. The emergence of resistance can
spread and resistant bacteria can subsequently cause serious infections in
others.
Therefore, the doctor must
balance the needs of the individual patient and the choice of antibiotic,
against the potential consequences of emerging antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic
resistance and the appropriate use of antibiotics is an increasingly important
topic in medical undergraduate and postgraduate curricula. All doctors need to
understand which antibiotics to use and when, and also how to avoid some of the
common side effects, such as nausea, skin rashes and diarrhoea.
49. Mention
the beneficial effect on scientific creativity.
- Scientific advancements to cure endemic diseases,
including malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS etc
- Increased life expectancy
- The Infant mortality rate dropped
- Access to safe water
- GNP per capita income has grown up
- The rise of the microcomputer has enabled spectacular
progress in many aspects of society, with computing power now almost
doubling every 18 months.
- Cellular phones and cheap computers are beginning to
bring Internet to even rural areas of developing countries, with major
implications for distance learning and democratization.
- Alongside the microchip, the emergence of genetic
engineering and biotechnology must be the most revolutionary development
in the second half of the last century.
50. Define
Hypothesis.
In science, a hypothesis
is an idea or an explanation that could be tested through study and
experimentation. Outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis.
.51. Brief about few contributions of the
scientist Aristotle.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) –
who is the founder of both science and philosophy of science. He wrote several
topics we now call physics, astronomy, psychology, biology, and chemistry, as
well as logic, mathematics, and epistemology.
52. Discuss about the industrial applications of Lasers.
Lasers are widely used in
manufacturing, e.g. for cutting, drilling, welding, cladding, soldering
(brazing), hardening, ablating, surface treatment, marking,
engraving, micromachining, pulsed laser
deposition, lithography, alignment, etc. In most cases, relatively
high optical intensities are
applied to a small spot, leading to intense heating, possibly evaporation and
plasma generation. Essential aspects are the high spatial coherence
of laser light, allowing for strong focusing, and often also the potential for generating
intense pulses.
53. Discuss about the medical applications of Lasers.
Eye surgery, vision correction
(LASIK), dentistry, dermatology (e.g. photodynamic therapy of cancer), and
various kinds of cosmetic treatment such as tattoo removal and hair removal.
Lasers are also used for surgery
(e.g. of the prostate), exploiting the possibility to cut tissues while causing
minimal bleeding. Some operations can be done with endoscopic
54. Discuss about a common scheme of classifications for antibiotics.
55.
How Do Antibiotics Work?
Various types of antibiotics work in
either of the following two ways:
- A Bactericidal antibiotic kills the bacteria generally
by either interfering with the formation of the bacterium's cell wall or
its cell contents.
Penicillin, daptomycin, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole,
nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole are some example of Bactericidal antibiotics.
- A Bacteriostatic antibiotic stops bacteria from
multiplying by interfering with bacterial protein production, DNA
replication, or other aspects of bacterial cellular metabolism. Some
Bacteriostatic antibiotics are tetracyclines, sulphonamides,
spectinomycin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, macrolid, and lincosamides.
56. What causes antibiotic resistance?
A bacterium is resistant to a drug
when it has changed in some way that either protects it from the action of the
drug or neutralizes the drug. Any bacterium that survives an antibiotic
treatment can then multiply and pass on its resisstive properties. Also, some
bacteria can transfer their drug-resistant properties to other bacteria — as if
passing along a cheat sheet to help each other survive.
The fact that bacteria develop
resistance to a drug is normal and expected. However, the way that drugs are
used affects how quickly and to what extent drug resistance occurs.
57. List the various cause and
effects due to the overuse of antibiotics.
The overuse of antibiotics —
especially taking antibiotics even when they're not the appropriate treatment —
promotes antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, but not
viral infections. For example, an antibiotic is an appropriate treatment for
strep throat, which is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. It's
not, however, the right treatment for most sore throats, which are caused by
viruses.
If you take an antibiotic when you
actually have a viral infection, the antibiotic is still attacking bacteria in
your body — bacteria that are either beneficial or at least not causing disease.
This misdirected treatment can then promote antibiotic-resistant properties in
harmless bacteria that can be shared with other bacteria.
Common viral infections that do not
benefit from antibiotic treatment include:
- Cold
- Flu (influenza)
- Bronchitis
- Most coughs
- Most sore throats
- Some ear infections
- Some sinus infections
- Stomach flu (viral gastroenteritis)
58. Study of Science and its Types
1. Physics
2.
Chemistry
3. Biology
4.
Cosmology
5.
Meteorology
6. Food
Technology
7. Medical
Sciences
8.
Psychology
9.
Neurology
10. Marian
Sciences
11. Brain
Sciences
12.
Genetic Engineering
13.
Nuclear Science
14. Nano
Technology
Antibiotic Classifications and Indications.
Inhibits
Cell Wall Synthesis
|
Penicillins
(bactericidal: blocks cross linking via competitive inhibition of the
transpeptidase enzyme)
|
Class/Mechanism
|
Drugs
|
Indications
(**Drug of Choice)
|
Toxicity
|
Penicillin
|
Penicillin G
Aqueous penicillin G
Procaine penicillin G
Benzathine penicillin G
Penicillin V
|
Strep. pyogenes (Grp.A)**
Step. agalactiae (Grp.B)**
C. perfringens(Bacilli)**
|
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hemolytic anemia
|
Aminopenicillins
|
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
|
Above +
↑ Gram-negative:
E. faecalis**
E. Coli**
|
Above
|
Penicillinase-resistant-penicillins
|
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
|
Above +
PCNase-producingStaph. aureus
|
Above +
Interstitial nephritis
|
Antipseudomonal penicillins
|
Carbenicillin
Ticarcillin
Piperacillin
|
Above +
Pseudomonas aeruginosa**
|
Above
|
Cephalosporins
(bactericidal: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis via competitive
inhibition of the transpeptidase enzyme)
|
1st generation 
|
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
|
Staph. aureus**
Staph. epidermidis**
Some Gram-negatives:
E. Coli
Klebsiella
|
Allergic reaction
Coombs-positive anemia (3%)
|
2nd generation
|
Cefoxitin
Cefaclor
Cefuroxime
|
Above +
↑ Gram-negative
|
Allergic Reaction
ETOH Disulfiram reaction
|
3rd generation
|
Ceftriaxone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
Cefepime (4th generation)
|
Above +
↑ Gram-negative
Pseudomonas
|
Allergic Reaction
ETOH Disulfiram reaction
|
Other
Cell Wall Inhibitors
|
Vancomycin
(bactericidal: disrupts
peptioglycan cross-linkage)
|
Vancomycin
|
MRSA**
PCN/Ceph allegies**
S. aureus
S. epidermidis
|
Red man syndrome
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
|
Beta-lactamase Inhibitors 
(bactericidal: blocking cross linking)
|
Clavulanic Acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
|
S aureus**
S epidermis**
E.Coli**
Klebsiella**
|
Hypersensitivity Reaction
Hemolytic anemia
|
Carbapenems
|
Imipenem (+ cilastatin)
Meropenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem
|
Broadest activity of any
antibiotic
(except MRSA, Mycoplasma)
|
|
Aztreonam
|
Aztreonam
|
Gram-negative rods
Aerobes
Hospital-acquired infections
|
|
Polymyxins
|
Polymyxin B
Polymyxin E
|
Topical Gram-negative infections
|
|
Bacitracin
|
Bacitracin
|
Topical Gram-positive infections
|
|
Protein
Synthesis Inhibition
|
Anti-30S
ribosomal subunit
|
Aminoglycosides
(bactericidal: irreversible binding to 30S)
|
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
|
Aerobic Gram-negatives
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas
|
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
|
Tetracyclines
(bacteriostatic: blocks tRNA)
|
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Demeclocycline
|
Rickettsia
Mycoplasma
Spirochetes (Lyme's disease)
|
Hepatotoxicity
Tooth discoloration Impaired growth
Avoid in children < 12 years of age
|
Anti-50S
ribosomal subunit
|
Macrolides
(bacteriostatic: reversibly binds
50S)
|
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
|
Streptococcus
H. influenzae
Mycoplamsa pneumonia
|
Coumadin Interaction (cytochrome
P450)
|
Chloramphenicol
(bacteriostatic)
|
Chloramphenicol
|
H influenzae
Bacterial Meningitis
Brain absces
|
Aplastic Anemia
Gray Baby Syndrome
|
Lincosamide
(bacteriostatic: inhibits peptidyl transferase by interfering with amino
acyl-tRNA complex)
|
Clindamycin
|
Bacteroides fragilis
S aureus
Coagulase-negative Staph & Strep
Excellent Bone Penetration
|
Pseudomembranous colitis
Hypersensitivity Reaction
|
Linezolid
(variable)
|
Linezolid
|
Resistant Gram-positives
|
|
Streptogramins
|
Quinupristin
Dalfopristin
|
VRE
GAS and S. aureus skin infections
|
|
DNA
Synthesis Inhibitors
|
Fluoroquinolones
(bactericidal: inhibit DNA gyrase enzyme, inhibiting DNA synthesis)
|
1st generation
|
Nalidixic acid
|
Steptococcus
Mycoplasma
Aerobic Gram +
|
Phototoxicity
Achilles tendon rupture
Impaired fracture healing
|
2nd generation
|
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Enoxacin
Ofloxacin
Levofloxacin
|
As Above +Pseudomonas
|
as above
|
3rd generation
|
Gatifloxacin
|
As above + Gram-positives
|
as above
|
4th generation
|
Moxifloxacin
Gemifloxacin
|
As above + Gram-positives +
anaerobes
|
as above
|
Other
DNA Inhibitors
|
Metronidazole
(bacteridical: metabolic
biproducts disrupt DNA)
|
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
|
Anaerobics
|
Seizures
Crebelar dysfunction
ETOH disulfram reaction
|
RNA
Synthesis Inhibitors
|
Rifampin
(bactericidal: inhibits RNA
transcription by inhibiting RNA polymerase)
|
Rifampin
|
Staphylococcus
Mycobacterium (TB)
|
Body fluid discoloration
Hepatoxicity (with INH)
|
Mycolic
Acids Synthesis Inhibitors
|
Isoniazid
|
Isoniazidz
|
TB
Latent TB
|
|
Folic
acid Synthesis Inhibitors
|
Trimethoprim/Sulfonamides
(bacteriostatic: inhibition with
PABA)
|
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
(SMX)
Sulfisoxazole
Sulfadiazine
|
UTI organisms
Proteus
Enterobacter
|
Thrombocytopenia
Avoid in third trimester of pregnancy
|
Pyrimethamine
|
Pyrimethamine
|
Malaria
T. gondii
|
|
Unit I
Science Definitions
proposed by scientists and forums
1.
Dr.Sheldon
Gottlieb – Science is an intellectual
activity carried out by humans, which is designed to discover information
about the natural world. A primary aim of science is to collect facts.
2.
Webster’s
new collegiate dictionary – Science is a knowledge covering General truths of
the operation of general laws.
3.
Which
of the following definition for ‘Science’ has been coined by ‘Carl Sagan’
A. Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of
knowledge
B.
Is
an intellectual activity carried out by humans
C.
Science
is a knowledge covering General truths of the operation of general laws
D.
All
of science is uncertain and subject to revision.
4.
Freeman
Dyson – All of science is uncertain and subject to revision. The glory of
science is to imagine more than we can prove.
5.
Robert
H. Dott & Henry Batten – Science consists simply of the Formulation of
Hypothesis, Design, Experiment and Inferences.
Branches of science:
Pure – Aspect of knowledge which
exists as a theoretical and abstract discipline.
Applied – It is concerned with the
application of scientific methods, principles and findings to the immediate
needs of humanity.
Natural – Branch of knowledge
which deals with natural objects and natural events such as human life, plants,
rocks and heavenly bodies. Examples of natural science include physics,
chemistry, astronomy, botany, zoology and geology etc.,
Soft or inexact – The laws and
generalizations of social science are less precise and less predictable.
Economics, political science, sociology, psychology, social anthropology are
all branches of social science.
History of science –
1200’s :
Robert Grosseteste – proposed a proper method of scientific
investigation and experimentation.
Combining the development of
writing enabled knowledge with the development of agriculture became possible of
early civilization and search for knowledge.
History of science :
1400’s
Leonardo Da Vinci began his notebooks in pursuit of evidence that
the human body is microcosmic. The artist, scientist and mathematician also
gathered information about optics and hydrodynamics.
1.
Drawn a sketch for airplane, helicopter &
parachute, the submarine, the armored car, the ballista.
2.
Rapid – fire guns
3.
Ball bearings
4.
Worm gear
5.
The centrifugal pump
Johannes Gutenberg was a German craftsman who is the inventor of
first printer in 1450. He also produced dies and molds for easily producing
individual pieces of metal type. The use of printing press began the
standardization of spelling.
Martin Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator and merchant.
He made the earliest globe called
the “Nurnberg Terrestrial Globe” during 1490-1492.
The mathematician Georg Purbach (1423-1461) began a
series of lectures on astronomy at the University of Vienna.
Regiomontanus who was one of his
students, collected his notes on the lectures and later published them as
Theoricae novae planetarum in the 1470s.
History of science :
1500’s
Nicolaus Copernicus discovered the heliocentric model of the solar
system in 1543. He worked out that the Earth, and all the other planets in our
solar system, moves around the Sun.
An Italian doctor named Versalius published the first accurate
drawings of the human body.
Ambrose Pare (1575) a French army surgeon, was the first person to
successfully use bandages and soothing ointments to treat wounds and prevent
infections.
Zacharias Janssen was Dutch lens-maker who invented the first
compound microscope in 1595.
History of science :
1600’s
Johannes Kepler built the laws of planetary motion.
Galileo improved on a new invention in 1610 based on mathematically
based theory.
Isaac Newton developed his laws of motion in 1600s.
English doctor William Harvey (1628), proved for the first time,
that the heart was a pump and circulated blood around the body. The led the
experiments with blood transfusion.
A Dutchman, Christian Huggens
(1965), made big improvements on earlier telescopes.
Marcello Malpighi (1661) observed
capillary action in the frog’s lungs and writes to the Royal Society.
Christopher Merrett (1662) found
a technique of double fermentation to produce sparkling wine and later he
communicated to the Royal Society.
Charles II his physician Walter
Charleton and John Aubery (1663) viewed the Neolithic stone circle at Avebury
in Wiltshire and submitted the plans to Royal Society. As a result of this
modern archaeology began.
The Royal Society publishes
Robert Hooke’s Micrographia (1665), containing landmark drawings made using a
microscope. By that time this book coined the word ‘cell’ a biological term.
Ntoni van Leeuwenhoek (1677) saw
the little animals/micro-organisms under the microscope. The Royal society
repeats his observation and the science of microbiology was born.
Sir Isaac Newton’s (1787)
Principia Mathematica describing the action of gravity was published by the
Royal society with the help of Edmond Halley.
History of science during 1700s
Benjamin Franklin discovered
(1752) that lightning is an electrical action. And also he has contributed to
the study of oceanography and meteorology.
Understanding of chemistry also
evolved during this century by Antoine Lavoisier.
The English astronomer, Edmund
Halley (1705) successfully predicted the appearance of Halley’s Comet, using
the latest telescope and mathematical calculations.
The first foreign secretary of
Royal Society, Philip Henry Zollman (1723) is appointed
William Herschel (1781) discovers
a new body in the solar system and reported to the Royal society as Georgium
Sidus later on it was renamed as Uranus in 1783.
Unit I - MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS
MCQ – The underlined options are considered to be the opt answers
1.
The word science comes from the
a)
Latin b) Greek c) Sanskrit d) English
2.
The word science comes from the Latin
“scientia”, meaning.
a)
Natural Phenomena b) Knowledge c) Physical evidence d) Experimentation
3.
Science refers to –
a) A system of acquiring knowledge
b) A system of
natural phenomena c) a system of physical evidence d) A system of experimentation
4. -----
is a systematic and logical approach in discovering how things in the universe
work.
a) History b) Astrology c) Science d) Mathematics
5. The
purpose of science is the systematic study of –
a)
Make a system of natural phenomena b) Produce useful models of reality c) Make a system of physical evidence d) Make a system of experimentation
6. A
social science is the systematic study of ---
a)
The natural world b) Models of reality c) Human behavior and society d) Experimentation
7. Anatomy
is the study of –
a)
Structure
of an animal or plant b) Life on
earth and in space c) Structure and
interactions of the complex organic molecules found in living systems
8. Evolutionary
biology is the study of –
a)Structure of an animal or
plant b) Life on earth and
space c) dealing with plant
life d) Evolutionary processes that produced the
diversity of life on earth
9. Genetics
is the study of ---
a)
Human evolution, variation and classification b) Cell structure and function c) Heredity d) Dealing with plant life
10. Immunology
is the study of ---
a)
All
aspects of the immune system b)
Human evolution, variation and classification c)
Heredity d) Dealing with plant
life
11. Neuroscience
is the study of ---
a)
Structure
or function of the nervous system and brain b) Structure and function of the macromolecules c) Human evolution, variation and
classification d)
Microorganisms – bacteria, protozoan parasites, viruses and fungi
12. Toxicology
is the study of ---
a) The structure of an animal
or plant b) The nature, effects and detection of poisons c)
All aspects of the immune system d)
Microorganisms – Bacteria, protozoan parasites, viruses and fungi
13. The
English word scientist was first coined by
a)
Landsteiner b)
Oldham c) Einstein d) William Whewell
14. Empirical
investigation of the natural world has been described since classical antiquity
by
a)
Haber b)
Oldham c) Einstein d)
Aristotle
15. Scientific
methods have been employed since the middle ages by ---
a)
Haber b)
Ibn al-Haytham c) Oldham d) Einstein
16. Which
stage scientists do not always possess exquisite technical skills?
a)
2nd stage b) 3rd stage c)
4th stage d) 1st stage
17. In
1543 --- proposed to switch the places of the Earth and the Sun.
a)
Nicholas
Copernicus b) Galieo c) Oldham d) Einstein
18. Who
hoped that “my labors contribute somewhat even to the Commonwealth of the
Church”?
a)
Oldham b)
Nicholas Copernicus c) Galileo d) Einstein
19. The
surface of the Moon is not smooth, uniform, and precisely spherical as a great
number of philosophers believe it to be, but is uneven, rough, and full of
cavities and prominences, being not unlike the face of the Earth, relieved by
chains of mountains and deep valleys.
a)
Nicholas Copernicus b) Galileo c) Oldham d) Einstein
20. Who
laid down the first accurate laws of motion for masses?
a)
Nicholas Copernicus b) Galieo c) Oldham d) Einstein
21. Who
introduced telescope?
a)
Nicholas Copernicus b) Galieo c) Oldham d) Haber
22. The
Renaissance was a time of great --- change in Europe.
a)
Social b)
Cultural c) Both d) None of
these
23. The
Renaissance spanned from the
a)
13th to the 16th centuries b) 14th to the 16th centuries c) 14h to the 15th
centuries d) 15th to
the 16th centuries
24. The
Renaissance birthplace
a)
Italy b) America c) India d)
Australia
25. The
European renaissance began in Northern Italy in
a)
1th century b) 12th century c) 13th century d) 14th
century
26. The
_____ city is considered the birth place of renaissance.
a)
London
b) Delhi c) Paris d) Tuscan
27. New way of thinking, sparked by a philosophy
known as
a)
Humanism b) socialism c) behaviorism d) Politics
28. Pioneering
renaissance scientists and inventor
include
a)
Galileo Galilei b) Leonardo da Vinci c) Both d) none of these
29. In
1507 an Italian writer named ______ published a famous book called ‘The
Courtier’.
a)
Nicholas Copernicus b) Oldham c) Count
Baldassare Castiglione d) Haber
30. Rediscovery
of rational civilization exemplified by
a)
Greece
b) Rome c) Both d) None
31. Representation
of property owners’ interest is called
a)
Politics
& the state b)
Ideology c) Agricultural
development d) Infrastructure
32. Property
right as central to conception of right is called
a)
Politics & the state b) Ideology c) Agricultural development d)
Infrastructure
33. The
creation of agricultural surplus is called
a)
Politics & the state b) ideology c) Agricultural
development d) Infrastructure
34. Road
and canal systems, port and ships called
a)
Politics & the state b) ideology c) Agricultural development d) Infrastructure
35. The
first stage of the industrial revolution:
a)
Consumable
goods production b) Capital
goods production c) Standardization d) Productivity
36. Second
stage of the industrial revolution:
a)
Consumable goods production b) Capital
goods production c)
Standardization d) Productivity
37. Who
did the first moonwalk in 1969?
a)
American
buzz Aldin b) Landsteiner c) Oldham d) Einstein
38. The
first moonwalk in the year-
a)
1968 b)
1969 c) 1967
d) 1970
39. The
first airplane was flown in ---
a)
1902 b)
1901 c) 1903 d) 1904
40. The
structure of DNA was determined ---
a)
1963 b)
1953 c) 1967 d) 1970
41. Who
discovered penicillin?
a)
James Watson b)
Alexandar Fleming c) Oldham d)
Einstein
42. The
structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by ---
a)
James
Watson b) Landsteiner c)Oldham d)
Einstein
43. Quantum
theory was proposed by ---
a)
Planck b) Landsteiner c) Oldham d)
Einstein
44. Who
discovered human blood groups?
a)
Planck b)
Landsteiner c) Oldham d) Einstein
45. Establishment
of the scientific study of animal behavior
a)
Cornell b)
Meitner c) Lorenz d)
Heisenberg
46. Birth
of radio astronomy
a)
Jansky
b) Cornell c) Meitner d) Heisenberg
47. First
electron microscope-
a)
Tatum b)
Mayor c) Krebs d) Ruska
48. Discovery
of the neutron
a)
Wieman b)
Chadwick c) McCarty d)
Borlaug
49. Discovery
of the positron, first antimatter particle
a)
Wieman b)
McCarty c) Anderson d)
ornell
50. Magnitude
scale for earthquakes
a)
Cornell b)
Meitner c) Richter d)
Heisenberg
51. Theory
of nuclear force
a)
Yukawa b) McCarty c) Borlaug d)
Kapitza
52. Discovery
of the citric acid cycle
a)
Krebs b) Wieman c) Mccarty d)
Cornell
53. Nuclear
reactions in stars were found out by
a)
Wieman b)
McCarty c) Bethe d)
Cornell
54. Evidence
in bacteria that DNA is the genetic material
a)
MacLeod b) McCarty c)
Borlaug d) Kapitza
55. The
Start of the Mexican wheat improvement program, leading to the “green
revolution”
a)
McCarty b)
Borlaug c) Kapitza d) Ornell
56. Formulation
of the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis
a) Cornell b) Meitner c) Heisenberg d) Beadle & Tatum
57. Radiocarbon
dating
a)
Libby b) McCarty c) Borlaug d)
Kapitza
58. Initial
elucidation of the reactions involved in photosynthesis
a)
Wieman b)
Calvin c) Mccarty d)
Borlaug
59. Invention
of the transistor
a)
Shockley b) McCarty c)
Borlaug d) Kapitza
60. Production
of amino acids in early Earth” conditions
a)
Miller
& Urey b) Cornell c) Meitner d) Heisenberg
61. First
complete DNA sequence of an organism
a)
Sanger b) Wieman c) McCarty d)
Borlaug
62. First
extra solar planet identified by
a)
Mayor b) Bednorz c) Tatum d)
Meitner
63. The
definition of Modern Science is defined as an attitude of observation and experimentation
quite often with the inclusion of mathematics to explain those
a)
Observations b) Experimentation c) Mathematics d) None of these
64. Modern
science is typically subdivided into the natural sciences which study the
a)
Material
world b) People and Societies c) Mathematics d) Experimentation
65. The
social sciences which study --
a) Material world b)
People and Societies c) Mathematics d) Experimentation
66. The formal
science like
a)
Material
world b) People and Societies c) Mathematics d)
Experimentation
67.
The result of a process of inductive reasoning –
a)
Scientific Method b) Mathematical Method c)
Hypothesis d) None of these
68.
The process of Hypothesis Testing has –
a)
6 Step b)
7 Step c) 5 step d) 8 Step
69. Allows
extra time for everything that can and will go wrong
a)
Murphy’s
law b) Newton law c) Ohms law d) None of these
70. The
history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific
knowledge, including-
a) Natural
sciences b) Social sciences c) None of these d) Both a and b
71. The
history of the arts and humanities is termed as ---
a)
Natural sciences b)
Social sciences c) History of scholarship d) None of these
72. Proto-Mathematics from-
a)
30000
BCE, up to 2000 BCE b) 2000 BCE up to 800 BCE c) 800 BCE to 1500
CE
d) 1400 CE to 1500 CE
73.
Ancient Mathematics from—
a)
30000 BCE, up to 2000 BCE b) 2000
BCE up to 800 c)
800 BCE to 1500 CE
d) 1400 CE to 1500 CE
74. Mercantile
Mathematics from
a)
30000 BCE, up to 2000 BCE b) 2000 BCE up to 800 BCE c) 800
BCE to 1500 CE
d) 1400 CE to 1500 CE
75. Classical Mathematics from-
a)
30000 BCE, up to 2000 BCE b) 2000 BCE up to 800 BCE c) 800 BCE to 1500 CE
d) 1400
CE to 1500 CE
76. Pre-Modern
Mathematics from
a) 30000 BCE, up
to 2000 BCE b) 1500 CE up to 1700 CE c) 800 BCE to
1500 CE
d) 1400 CE to 1500 CE
77. Modern
Mathematics from ---
a)
30000 BCE, up to 2000 BCE b) 2000 BCE up to 800 BCE c) 1700 CE to 1950 CE
d) 1400 CE to 1500 CE
78. Post-Modern
Mathematics from
a)
30000 BCE, up to 2000 BCE b) 2000 BCE up to 800 BCE c) 800 BCE to 1500 CE
d) 1950
CE to present
79. Yukti means
a) Skill b) Human intervention c) Both d) None of these
80. Daiva means
a) Divine b) Skill c)
Human intervention d)
None of these
81. In India the
field of Ayurveda, depended heavily on the use of
a) Herbs b) Plants c)
Animals d) None of these
82. Traditional
Indian herbal remedies are
a) Neem b) Turmeric c) Both
a and b d) None
of these
83. The plants
were first used for medical purposes
a) Vaccination b) Rhinoplasty c) Herbalism d) None of these
84. Atharvaveda
dating from the early
a) Iron Age b) Bronze Age c)
Aluminium Age d) None of these
85. Ayurveda,
meaning
a) Complete knowledge for long life b) Complete knowledge c) Long life d) None of these
86. Ayurveda
famous texts belong to the schools of
a) Charaka b) Sushruta c) Both a and b d)
None of these
87. Which
medicine got deep roots and royal patronage during medieval times.
a) Unani b) Ayurveda c)
Both a and b d) None of
these
88. The wootz
steels were discovered in
a) India b) Japan c) England d)
Iran
89. The first
basic step in metallurgy is
a) Identifying and discovering its
usefulness b) Locating metals
in quantity c) Mining the ores d) Melting the metal
90. The second
basic step in metallurgy is
a) Identifying and discovering its usefulness b) Locating
metals in quantity c) Mining the
ores d) Smelting the metal
91. The third
basic step in metallurgy is
a) Identifying
and discovering its usefulness b)
Locating metals in quantity c) Mining the ores d) Smelting the metal
92. Basic ages
of metals in the ancient world
a) Copper Age b) Bronze Age c)
Iron Age d) All the above
93. Copper Age
a) 4000 – 3000 BCE b) 3000-1000 BC c) 1000 BCE to the present d) None of these
94. The Bronze
Age
a) 4000 – 3000
BCE b) 3000-1000 BC c)
1000 BCE to the present d) None
of these
95. The Iron Age
a) 4000 – 3000
BCE b) 3000-1000 BC c) 1000 BCE to the present d)
None of these
Unit II - MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS
MCQ – The underlined options are considered to be the opt answers
1. Darwinism
is a theory of ---
a)
Biological
evolution b) Physical
evolution c) Geometric evolution d)
None of these
2.
Darwinism is a theory developed by –
a)
Charles
Darwin b) Weismann c) Bhaskaran d) None of these
3.
Genetic drift is change of
a)
Gene frequency in same generation b) Appearance of recessive genes c) Gene frequency from one generation
to next d) None of these
4.
Which one of the following changes involved in
irrelevant, in the evolution of man?
a) Perfection of hand for toll
making b) Change of diet from hard nuts and hard
roots to soft food c)
Loss of tail d) Increase in the
ability to communicate with others and develop community behavior
5.
The first domesticated animal by primitive man
was
a) Cat b) Cow c)
Dog d) Horse
6.
Which of the following is a living fossil?
a) Mirabilis Jalapa b) Ginkgo Biloba c) Pinus Longifolia d)
Dalbergia Sissoo
7. Reason of diversity in living being is
a)
Mutation b) Long term evolutionary change c) Gradual change d) Short term evolutionary change
8. 1st
life on earth was
a) Cyanobacteria b) Chemohetrotrophs c) Autotrophs d)
Photoautotrophs
9. There is no
life on the moon due to the absence of
a) O2 b) Water c)
Light d) Temperature
10. Darwin in
his “Natural selection Theory” did not believe in any role of which one of the
following in organic evolution?
a) Parasites and predators as natural
enemies b) Survival of the
fittest c)
Struggle for existence d)
Discontinuous variations
11. Which one
of the following phenomena supports Darwin’s concept of natural selection in
organic evolution?
a) Development of transgenic animals b) Production of ‘Dolly’, the sheep
by cloning c) Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects d)
Development of organs from ‘stem cells’ for organ transplantation
12. Two
nucleotide sequences found in two different species are almost exactly the
same. This suggest that these species
a) Are evolving into the same species b) Contain identical DNA c) May have similar evolutionary
histories d) Have the same
number of mutations
13. The theory
that evolutionary change is slow and continuous is known as
a) Punctuated equilibrium b) Geographic isolation c) Speciation d) Gradualism
14. The
concept that species have changed over long periods of time is known as
a) Ecology b)
Embryology c)
Spontaneous generation d) Organic evolution
15. Which group
of organisms is believed to be among the earliest to evolve on Earth?
a) Arthropods b) Coelenterates c)
Protozoans d) Reptiles
16. Which
concept was not included in Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
a) Survival of the fittest b) Struggle for existence c) Overproduction of offspring d) Punctuated equilibrium
17. Darwin’s
theory of evolution is based on the concept of
a) Use and disuse b) Mutations c) Natural selection d) Hybridization
18. Antibiotic
resistance can
a) Inherent b) Acquired c) Either be inherent nor be acquired
d) Both
19. Acquired
resistance occurs when a bacterium that was originally sensitive to an
antibiotic develops
a) Resistance b) Attraction c) Both d)
None of these
20. Which of
the following inhibits DNA gyrase?
a) Pencillin b) Trimethoprim c)
Chloramphenicol d) Ciprofloxacin
21. Regarding
the “azole” group of antifungals
a) Fluconazole has low water solubility b) Ketoconazole may be given IV/PO c)Intraconazole undergoes renal
elimination d) They work by reduction of ergosterol
synthesis by inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes
22. Which of
the following is a second generation cephalosporin?
a) Ceftazidime b) Cephalothin c) Cefotaxime d)
Cefaclor
23. The
cephalosporin with the highest activity against gram positive cocci is
a) Cefaclor b) Cephalothin c)
Cefuroxime d) Cefaclor
24. Which of
the following is considered to be bacteriostatic?
a) Pencillin b) Chloramphenicol c) Ciprofloxacin d) Cefoxitin
25. Half-life
of amphotericin B is
a) 2 seconds b) 20 minutes c)
2 hours d) 2 weeks
26. Soap and
detergents are the source of organic pollutants like;
a) A glycerol b) Polyphosphates c)
Sulphonated hydrocarbons d) None of these
27. Soap is a
salt of a
a) Fatty
acid b) Amino acid c) Citric acid d) None of these
28. Soaps are
mainly used as surfactants for
a) Washing b)
Bathing c) Cleaning d) All the above
29. Soap in
used in
a) Textile spinning b) Lubricants c) Both d) None of these
30. Fats and
oils are composed of
a) Triglycerides b)
Glycosides c) Both a
and b d) None of these
31. Term “lye
soap” refers almost exclusively to soaps made with
a) Sodium carbonate b) Sodium hydroxide c)
Sodium peroxide d) None of these
32. The soap
has history going back as far as --- thousand years
a) 4 b)
5 c) 6 d) 3
33. The
earliest known soap recipe is credited to the ancient Babylonians
a) 3800 B.C b) 2400 B.C c)
2500 B.C. d) 2800 B.C.
34. Throughout
history soap was medically used for treatment of
a) Skin
diseases b) Liver
diseases c) Heart diseases d) Eye diseases
35. Common
soap bars were invented in the
a) 16th Century b) 17th century c) 19th century d)
18th century
36. The first
soap was discovered almost --- years ago.
a) 4000 b)
5000 c) 2000 d)
3000
37. The first
soap was discovered in ancient
a) Babylonia b) Greece c) Rome d) All the above
38. The first
soap was discovered by mixing
a) Animal fats b) Wood ash c) Water d) All the above
39. The first
soaps were used in the
a) Textile industry b) Skin diseases c) Both a and b d)
None of these
40. Liquid
soaps are formulated for cleaning the
a) Body b) Feature skin conditioners c) Both
a and b d) None of these
41. Heavy duty
hand cleaners are available as
a) Bars b) Liquids c) Powers d)
all the above
42. Bluing
absorbs the --- part of the light spectrum
a) Yellow b) Red c) Green d) None of these
43. Boosters enhance the
a) Soil and stain removal b) Brightening c) Buffering d)
All the above
44. Enzyme
presoaks are used for soaking items before washing to
a) Difficult stains b) soils c) Both d) None of these
45. Fabric
softeners impact a
a) Pleasing fragrance b) Make ironing
easier c) both a and b d) None of these
46.
Dishwashing products include detergents for
a) Hand b)
Machine dishwashing c)
Specialty products d) All the above
47. Glass
cleaners – oily soils found on glass, and dry quickly without streaking.
a) Loosen b)
Dissolve c) Both a and b d)
None of these
48. Drain
openers --- kitchen and bathroom drains.
a) Unclog b) Clog c)
Block d) None of these
49. Creation
of automatic dishwasher powders, fabric softeners
a) 1950s b) 1960s c) 1970s d) 1980s
50. Prewash
stain removers, enzyme presoaks
a) 1950s b)
1960s c) 1970s d) 1980s
51.
Multifunctional products (detergent + softener), liquid soaps
a) 1950s b)
1960s c) 1970s d) 1980s
52. Polymers
are large molecules composed of --- chemical units.
a) Repeated b) Enhanced c)
Less d) None of these
53. The
smallest repeating unit is called a
a) Mer b)MM c)CM d) None of these
54. The term
polymer is derived from the --- words
a) Greek b) Latin c)
American d) None of these
55. Mers
meaning ---
a) Many
parts b)
Less parts c) Small
parts d) None of these
56. Who
announced in 1907 the synthesis of the first truly synthetic polymeric
material?
a) Leo
Baekeland b) Goodyear c) Darwin d) None of these
57. First
truly synthetic polymeric material
a) Bakelite b) Neoprene c)
Nylon d) PVC
58. Who found
that acetylene could be made to add to itself forming dimers and trimers.
a) Julius
A. Nieuwland b)
Goodyear c) Darwin d) None of these
59. Neoprene
was found by
a) Goodyear b) Amold Collins c) Darwin d) None of these
60. Nylon was
found by
a) Dupont b) Goodyear c) Darwin d)
None
61. PVC was
initially formed by German chemist --- in 1872,
a) Eugen
Baumann b) Goodyear c) Darwin d)
None of these
62.
Polystyrene was probably first formed by German apothecary
a) B. F. Goodrich b) Goodyear c) Eduard Simon d) None of these
63.
Polystyrere was probably first formed by German apothecary in
a) 1829 b) 1849 c) 1839 d)1859
64. Various
uses of polymers are:
a) Elastomers b) Plastics c) Fibers d)
all the above
65. Rubber is
the most important of all elastomers.
a) Elastomers b) Plastics c) Fibers d)
all the above
66. – is used
to extract metals like thorium, vanadium and zirconium from their compounds by
displacement reactions, a deoxidizers
a) Calcium b) Calcium Carbonate c) Alcohols d)
Alkenes
67. Is a
synthetic narcotic used legally to treat addiction to narcotics and relieve
severe pain?
a) Methadone b) Crack cocaine c) Powdered cocaine d) none of these
68. Atomic
energy carried by
a) Atoms b) Protons c) Electrons d)
None of these
69. The term
atom was popularized by
a) Ernest Rutherford b) H. G Wells c)
Darwin d) None of these
70. One of the
well-known elements used in nuclear fission is
a) 235U b) 245U c) 225U d) 135U
71. The main
design is the pressurized water reactor (PWR) which has water at over
a) 300OC b) 200OC c) 400OC d) 500OC
72. Which
statement best describes the structure of an atom?
a) A positive core surrounded by electrons
packed tightly around it
b) A particle comprised of a mixture of
protons, electrons and neutrons
c) A
tiny nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons orbiting around it
d) A large core of protons and electrons
surrounded by neutrons
73. Thermal
neutrons have energy around
a) 100ev b) 10ev c)
1ev d) all the above
74. Moderators
are used in the nuclear reactors to
a) Generate neutrons b) Absorb neutrons c) To
slow down the neutrons d)
Produce neutrons
75. Cadmium
rods are used in a nuclear reactor to
a) Generate neutrons b) Absorb neutrons c)
To slow down neutrons d)
Produce neutrons
76. In the
nuclear reactor at Trombay which of the following is used as moderator
a)
Ordinary water b) Cadmium c) Copper d)
Heavy water
77. Which of
the following is the best nuclear fuel?
a) Neptunium 293 b) Plutonium 239 c) Uranium 236 d) Thorium 236
Unit III - MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.
Agriculture, along with the fisheries and
forestry, account for _____ of the nation’s GDP and is its single largest
contributors.
a)
One
third b) two third c) half d) one
2.
Agricultural export constitutes a ________ of
the total export of the country.
a)
2nd b) 3rd c) 5th
d) 4th
3.
NDDB means
a)
National daily development board
b) National dairy development board
c)
National dairy developing board
d)
National development dairy board
4.
With an annual output of 130 MT, _____ is the
largest producer of the milk in the world.
a)
India b)
China c) Japan
d) None
5.
In 2013-14 India achieved a record food grain production of
a)
254 MT
b) 264 MT c) 269
MT d) 274 MT
6.
DES means
a)
Directorate
of economics and statistics b)
Directorate of ecology and statistics
c) Directorate of ergonomics and
statistics d) None
7.
Which sector is the backbone of Indian economy?
a)
Service sector b) Financial sector c) Tourism sector d) Agricultural
sector
8.
Who announced the introduction of National Food
Security act?
a)
Pranab
Mukherjee b) Manmohan Singh c) P. Chidambaram d) Arun jaitley
9.
When NFSM launched?
a) Mid
of 9th five year plan b)
End of 10th five year plan
c) mid of 11th five
year plan d) End of 11th five year plan
10.
Who announced the launched of rashtriya krishi
vikas yojana ?
a)
Narendra Modi b) Dr.
Manmohan Singh c) Atal Bihari
Vajpayee d) I.K Gujral
11.
Which among the following does not belong to
welfare schemes for the farmers?
a)
Kisan credit card scheme b) SHG Bank Linkage Programme c) National Agricultural Insurance Scheme d) Employee Referral Scheme
12.
When did the government present Kisan credit
card scheme?
a)
April 1853 b)
August 1998 c) July 1991 d) November 1995
13.
When was ‘On Farm Management Scheme’ launched?
a)
July 2000 b)
March 2002 c)
March 2004 d) January
2004
14.
When was ‘Micro Irrigation’ launched?
a)
March 2002 b)
March 2004 c) January
2004 d) January 2006
15.
The Blue Revolution is related with?
a)
Fish
production b)
Food grain production c)
Oilseed production d)Milk
production
16.
Indian agriculture is typically characterized as
…
a)
Land surplus, labor scare economy b) Land surplus, labor surplus economy c) Land scare, labor surplus economy d) Land scare, labor scare
economy
17.
Dr. M. S Swaminathan has distinguished himself
in which of the following fields?
a)
Nuclear physics b)
Agriculture c) Astrophysics d) Medicine
18.
The Green Revolution in India was the outcome of
the efforts of who amongst the following?
a)
M. S.
Swaminathan b) C.
Rangarajan c) K.V Kamath d) Rakesh Mohan
19.
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) was established in the year…
a) 1970 b) 1975 c)
1977 d) 1982
20. The head
office of the NABARD is located in?
a) Lucknow b) Hyderabad c)
New Delhi d) Mumbai
21. Where is
the central rice research institute located?
a) Bangalore b) Kanpur c)
Coimbatore d) Cuttack
22. NABARD was
established in the …
a) Fourth Five year plan b) Fifth Five year plan c) Sixth Five year plan d)
Eighth Five year plan
23. Who is
known as Father of White Revolution in India?
a) M. S. Swaminathan b) V. Kurien c) K.N
Bahal d) B.P. Pal
24. Which is
the highest food grain producing Indian state, as per 2013-2014?
a) Madhya Pradesh b) Punjab c)
Uttar Pradesh d) Maharastra
25. Which is
the highest coarse cereal producing Indian state, as per 2013-2014?
a) Karnataka b) Maharastra c)
Rajasthan d) Uttar Pradesh
26. Which
Indian state has the largest area irrigated by water tanks, as 2013-14?
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Karnataka c) Tamilnadu d) Uttar Pradesh
27. Which is
the biggest milk plant in India?
a) Verka milk plant b) Mother Diary c)
Burnett Diary d)
Lorenae Diary
28. Which of
the following is a human made input of agriculture?
a) Relief of the land b) Irrigation Facilities c) Earthworms d) Crops
29. Which is also known as the golden fiber?
a) Cotton b) Wheat c)
Silk d) Jute
30. The two
most important staple food crops of the world are – and ---
a) Ragi & Bajra b) Tea & Coffee c) Rice & wheat d) Milets &
Maize
31. It is also
known as “Monoculture”, i.e. single crop grown over a large area.
a) Commercial Grain Farming b) Plantation farming c)
Multiple Farming d) Mixed farming
32. In Assam,
West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of --- are grown in a year known as “Aus,
Aman and Boro”.
a)
Paddy b)
wheat c) Pulses d) Maize
33. Which one
is not a millet crop?
a) Jowar b)
Ragi c) Wheat d) Bajra
34. The word
‘Agriculture’ has been derived from two … words
a) German b) American c)
Latin d) Arabic
35. Cultivation
of the grapes is also known as ….
a) Viticulture b) Horticulture c) Sericulture d) Pisciculture
36. The term white revolution refers to the
a) Increased production of food grains b)
Increased production of Milk c)
Increased production of eggs d) Increased
production of Fish
37. Who was the father of Operation Flood?
a) Dr. Norman Borlaug b) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan c) Dr. Verghese Kurien d)
Dr. William Gande
38. Which state
is the biggest tea producer in the country?
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Sikkim c)
Assam d) West Bengal
39. Which is
not a Kharif Crop?
a) Jowar b)
Maize c) Groundnut d) Wheat
40. When a
community development program (CDP) started?
a) 1952 b) 1953 c) 1954 d) 1955
41. Green
revolution started in
a) 1964-65 b) 1965-66 c)
1966-67 d) 1967-68
42. White
revolution is associated with
a) Milk b)
Milk products c)
Both d)
None
43. The gene
revolution is the application of --- in food production.
a) Bio-technology b) Technology c) Both d) None
44. The
information revolution began with the invention of the...
a)
Integrated circuit b) Computers c) both d) none
45. The
information revolution started around
a) 1000 BC b) 2000 BC c)
3000 BC d) 4000 BC
46. The
information revolution started around 3000 BC with the --- pictographs.
a) Sumerian b) American c)
Indian d) Chinese
47. The WWW
means that
a) World
Wide Web b)
World Work Web c)
Both d) None
48. Internet
works on
a) Packet
switching b) Circuit switching c)
Both d) None
49. Which one
of the following is not an application layer protocol used in internet?
a) Remote procedure call b) Internet relay chat c) Resource reservation protocol d) None of these
50. Which
protocol assigns IP address to the client connected in the internet?
a) DHCP b) IP c)
RPC d) None
51. Which one
of the following is not used in media access control?
a) Ethernet b) Digital subscriber line c) Fiber distributed data interface d) none
52. TCP/IP is
a:
a) Network hardware b) Network software c) Protocol d) None
53. OSI stands
for:
a) Open system Interface b) Out System Interface c) Open System Interconnection d) Out System Interconnection
54. TCP/IP
mainly used for:
a) File Transfer b) Email c)
Remote Login Service d)
All the above
55. IPX/SPX
used for:
a) Linux b)
Unix c) Novel Net ware d) Windows
56. NetBIOS is developed by:
a) Microsoft d) IBM c)
Sun d) None
57. Which
network architecture is developed by IBM?
a) System
Network Architecture b)
Digital Network Architecture c)
Boroughs Network Architecture d)
Distributed Network Architecture
58. Which is
the lowest layer of TCP/IP model?
a) Host to Host Layer b) Network Access Layers c)
Internet Layer d) application
Layer
59. The most
common method for gaining access to the Internet is through a ---
a) Dump terminal b) Virtual provider or computer c) Point-to-point computer d) Provider
or host computer
60. The term
ISP refers to
a) Internal software protocol b) International Shareware pool c) Internet service provider d) Interface standard protocol
61. The
extensions .gov, .edu, .mil and .net are called
a) DNAs b)
E-mail targets c) Domain codes d) Mail to address
62. URL is an
acronym for ---
a) Uniform
Resource Locator b)
Uniform Resource Link c)
Universal Reference Locator d)
Unlimited Real-time Language
63. When
surfing the web, the browser interprets the HTML command found in a document
file, and displays it as a(n)
a) Applet page b) Java page c) Web page d) Domain page
64. HTML is an
acronym for –
a) Hyperlink Markup Language b) Hypertext markup Language c) Hypertext Markup Link d) Hypertext Modern Language
65. Connections
to other documents or to other locations within a website are
a) Filters b) hyperlinks c) plug-ins d)
bots
66. Hyperlinks
in a Web document typically appear as
a) Bolded and underlined b) Italicized and
underlined c) Underlined and colored d)
Bolded and italicized
67. Applets are
typically written in a programming language called
a) XML b)
Basic c) Pascal d) Java
68. Which of
the following are not required in order to send and receive e-mail?
a) Email account b) Web page c) Access to the Internet d) E-mail program
69. Which of
the following is not one of basic elements of an e-mail message?
a) Header b) Footer c) Message d) Signature
70. An internet
standard for transferring files is known as
a) IRC b)
Telnet c) FTP d) WAIS
71. A(n) ---
can be used to block access to specific sites.
a) Filter b) Hardware block c) Censor d)
Rubicon
72. Which of
the following is a non-renewable resource?
a) Coal b) Forests c) Water d)
Wildlife
73. Which among
the following is not a renewable source of energy?
a) Solar Energy b) Biomass energy c) Hydro-power d) Geothermal energy
74. Identify
the non-renewable energy resource from the following…
a) Coal b) Fuel cells c) Wind power d) Wave
power
75. Which of
the following is a disadvantage of most of the renewable energy sources?
a) Highly polluting b) High waste disposal cost c) Unreliable supply d)
High running cost
76.
Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into:
a) Chemical
energy b) Biogas c) Electricity d) geothermal energy
77. Which among
the following is not an adverse environmental impact of tidal power generation?
a) Interference with spawning and
migration of fish
b) Pollution and health hazard in the
estuary due to blockage of flow of polluted water into the sea
c) Navigational hazard d) None
78. A fuel
cell, in order to produce electricity, burns:
a) Helium b) Nitrogen c)
Hydrogen d) None
79. Fuel cells
are;
a) Carbon cell b) Hydrogen
battery c) Nuclear cell d) Chromium cell
80. A module is
a:
a) Series-arrangement of solar cells b) Parallel arrangement of
solar cells
c) Series-parallel
arrangement of solar cells d)
None
81. The
efficiency of solar cells is about:
a) 25% b)
15% c) 40 d)
60%
82. Which of
the following area is preferred for solar power plants?
a) Coastal areas b) Hot, arid zones c) Mountain tops d) High rainfall zones
83. Which power
plant is free from environmental pollution problems?
a) Thermal power plant b) Nuclear power plant c) Hydro-power plant d)
Geothermal energy power plant
84. Climate
change is primarily caused by the building up of --- in the atmosphere.
a) Greenhouse
gases b) CO2 c) Nitrogen d) None
85. The global
increase of methane and nitrous oxide are primarily due to
a) Agriculture b) Industries c) Soil erosion d)
None
86. Global
warming is a specific example of the broader term
a) Climate
change b) environment change c) Health change d) None
87. The
observed increase in the average temperature of the air near earth’s surface
and oceans in recent decades
a) Environment change b) Global
warming c) Health change d) None
88. The first
known use of wind power was in
a) 6000 BC b) 4000 BC c)
5000 BC d) 3000BC
1. How many matched chromosomes
does a mature ovum contain?
A. 43 B. 46 C.
23 D.
22
2. Which are the chemical
substances that facilitate direct communication between neurons?
A. Neurohonnones B. Neuromodulators
C. Neurotransmitters D. Neuro peptides
3. The study of the nature of
knowledge is called
A. Epistemology B. Epiphenomenalism
C. Empiricism D. Euphemistic labeling
4. Insomnia is a characteristic
feature of
A. Schizophrenia B. Depression
C. Epilepsy D. Psychosis
5. It is a situation that occurs
when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness of
specific types of information held in memory-
A. Association B.
Mnemonics
C. Cognition D.
Priming
6. In 1900
Max Planck discovers …
A. Quanta - the basis of quantum theory B. Telegraph Signal C.
Radio D. Television
7. In 1901 Guglielmo Marconi in
Newfoundland receives the first telegraph signal, sent from Cornwall in Great
Britain…
A. Quanta - the basis of quantum
theory B. Telegraph Signal C.
Radio D. Television
8. In 1903 The Wright brothers
successfully demonstrated ….
A. Motor powered flight B.
Satellite C. Radio D. Television
9. During which of the following
year Albert Einstein publishes the ‘Special Theory of Relativity’?
A.
1910 B. 1905 C. 1920 D. 1915
10. Which of the following was the
invention of Paul Ehrlich during 1909?
A. Sickle Cell disease
B. Antibiotic c. Vaccination D. Finds a cure for syphilis disease
11. Who discovered the structure of
the atom in 1913?
A.
Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford
B. Einstein C. Marconi D.
Galileo
12. Who invented the moving assembly
line for mass production of automobiles in 1913?
A. Planck B. Henry Ford C. Bohr D. Rutherford
13. Which of the following year Household appliances appear
- the vacuum cleaner, electric shaver, spin dryer, electric refrigerator,
frozen foods, speaker radio?
A.
1920's B. 1930’s C.
1940’s D.1950’s
14. During 1922 --- was discovered
by Frederick Banting and Charles Best?
A.
Insulin B. Antibiotic C. Vaccination D.
Sickle cell disease
15. Which of the following item was
discovered in 1923 by Vladimir Zworykin?
A. television B. television camera C. Radio D.
Telephone
16. Who discovered the first new
galaxy besides our own in 1924?
A. Frederick B. Logie C. Bohr D. Edwin Hubble
17. Who made the first television
broadcast over radio waves in 1926?
A.
Frederick B. Edwin Hubble C. Logie D.
John Logie Baird
18. Pencillin G
destroys few species of bacteria whereas, --- is an effective Antibiotic
against wide range of organism.
a)
Tetracycline a)Daptomycin c) Linezolid d) None
19. Which of the
following diseases should not be treated with antibiotics/
a) Respiratory Illness in children b) Ear infections and Eczema c) sinusitis d)
All the above
20. Which of the
following is said to be a type of plastic?
a) Thermoplastics b) Thermosets c) Both d) None
21. Detergent contains
which of the following chemicals in it?
a) Phosphates and acids b) Cationic c)
Anionic d) All the above
22. Which of following
metal compound for the displacement reaction we use calcium?
a) Thorium b)
Vanadium c) Zirconium d) All
the above
23. Which of the
following chemical is used in the preparation iron, steel and cement/
a) Calcium b)
Calcium Carbonate c) Ammonia d) All the above
24. Which of the
following chemical is used in fertilizers/
a) Ammonia
and Ammonium Salts b) Calcium c)
Calcium Carbonate d) None
1927 Georges Lemaitre puts forward
Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe
1929 Edwin Hubble puts forward the
theory of the expanding universe
1931 Ernest Lawrence invents the
cyclotron to study the behavior of accelerated atomic particles
1932 James Chadwick describes the
nucleus of the atom as composed of protons and neutrons
1935 Invention of nylon and plastics
- the first nylon stockings
1942 Enrico Fermi demonstrates the
first controlled nuclear reaction
1945 The first atomic bomb is
detonated in New Mexico. Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
Japan a month later.
1945 The first electronic computer -
The Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC) - is
demonstrated.
1947 William Shockley invents the
transistor
1948 Percy Julian develops synthetic
cortisone
1950 Gertrude Elion develops
chemotherapy to treat leukaemia
1952 Jonas Salk produces a vaccine
against poliomyelitis
1952 Henri Laborit's discovery of
chlorpromazine founds the basis for drug therapies to treat mental illness
1953 James Watson and Francis Crick,
with the contribution of Rosalind Franklin and others, discover the double
helix structure of DNA, the building block of life
1960 Peter Medawar discovers basis
of immuno-suppression
1960 Stephen Hawking publishes his
Grand Unified Theory of the origin of the universe
1960s Discovery of restriction
enzymes - the 'scissors' used to splice genes in genetic engineering
1961 The Soviet Union puts the first
astronaut into orbit around the Earth
1964 Murray Gell-Man predicts the
existence of quarks
1967 Christiaan Barnard carries out
first human heart transplant
1967 Jocelyn Bell identifies pulsars
(neutron stars)
1969 Dorothy Hodgkin describes the
molecular structure of insulin
1970’s computerized tomography (CT
scan) to look at soft tissues
1970s Some US university campuses
linked by a computer network, ARPAnet
1971 Gilbert Hyatt and Intel make
the first commercial computer microprocessor
1975 Discovery of endorphins -
natural pain killers in the brain
1975 Cesar Milstein and co-workers
develop monoclonal antibodies, the 'magic bullets' that can seek out specific
antigens and therefore disease-causing organisms
1980s Discovery of prions, a new
class of infectious agents unlike viruses. A prion causes Bovine Spongiform
Encephaly or 'mad cow disease'
1983 Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo
isolate HIV, the virus that causes AIDS
1987 Discovery of fluoxetine
(Prozac) as a therapy for depression
1990 Tim Berners-Lee, a consultant
at CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, along with his colleague
Robert Cailliau author software that gave birth of the World Wide Web
1996 'Dolly' the sheep is born in
Scotland. She was produced by cloning a single mammary cell
1997 Scientists
accurately predict the El Niño climatic phenomenon in the tropical Pacific,
greatly reducing the social and economic effects of the floods and droughts
that follow in many parts of the world.
Chemical Abuse and its
Effect
Methadone
– It is a synthetic narcotic used to treat addiction. Over dose symptoms
includes respiratory depression, decrease heart rate, coma and death.
Crack
Cocaine- Highly addictive and over use of it leads to aggressive and paranoid
behavior, respiratory problem, lung trauma, bleeding and seizure and cardiac
arrest.
Powdered
Cocaine – Over use of it affects individuals with restless, irritable, anxious,
increased temperature, heart attack, respiratory failure, stroke and seizure.
Heroin,
Dxm, Dextromethorphan, Depressants, Stimulants, Narcotics and Inhalants may
also cause lot of side effects.
Atomic energy
The
nuclear fission of heavy elements is highly exothermic and releases about 200
million eV.
Chernobyl is the accident occurred during an
experiment with radioactive material.
Space Sciences
1957
Soviets launched first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 into space.
Russian
Lt. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth in Vostok 1.
The
first U.S satellite Explorer 1 went orbit in 1958.
In
1962 John Glenn’s historic flight made the first American to orbit the Earth.
Skylab
is the first America’s space station.
Mariner
spacecraft was orbiting and mapping the surface of Mars.
Voyager
spacecraft have sent the images of Jupiter and Saturn and their rings and
moons.
National
Aeronautics and Space administration (NASA)
National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA)
Federal
Communications Commission (FCC)
Department
of Defense (DoD)
National
Geospatial Intelligence (NGA)
Missile
Defense Agency (MDA)
National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
Missile
Defense agency (MDA)
National
Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
U.S
Strategic Command (USSTRACTCOM)
Army
Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC)
Air
Force space Command (AFSPC)
Indian
Space Research Organization (ISRO)
Polar
Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
Geosynchorous
Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
Indian
Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)
National
Natural Resources Management System (NMRMS)
Department
of space (DOS)
Genetics
Multiple
genes and their relationships with one another is said to be Genomics.
Relationship
between genes and the environments is termed as epigenetics.
DNA
– Deoxyribonucleic
DNA
consists of four chemical bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) and
Thymine (T).
Nucleotide
has jointly a base sugar and phosphate.
Nanotechnology
Nano
sized materials in the range of 0.1 nanometer to 100nm is said to be nano sized
materials.
Applications of nano
technology
Nanomedicine
Nanobiotechnology
Green
nano technology
Energy
applications of nanotechnology
Industrial
applications of nanotechnology
Drug
delivery
Fabrics
Reactivity
of Materials
Strength
of Materials
Micro/Nano
electro mechanical systems
Smart Materials
Shape
memory alloys – Hot water valves in the coffee machine and water sprinklers in
the fire systems
Piezoelectric
materials – used for contact sensors for alarm systems and in microphone and
headphone
Quantum
tunneling composite – membrane switches used in mobile phones, pressure sensors
and speed controllers
Electroluminescent
materials – give out light when an electric current is applied to them
Color-change
materials – Thermochromic materials change color as the temperature changes.
Internet Technology
www – World Wide web
TCP
– Transmission Control Protocol
IP
– Internet Protocol
Spamming
– Unwanted bulk e-mails
Virus
– Disrupts the normal functioning of computer systems
Pornography
– Biggest threat related to mental health related life
Document
Type Definition – DTD
HTML
– Hyper Text Markup Language
XML
– Extended Markup Language
SGML
– Standard Generalized Markup Language
CGI
– Common Gateway Interface
SSI
– Server Side Includes
PHP
– Scripting Language
MIME
– Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
GIF
– Graphics File Format
IAB
– Internet Architecture Board
IANA
– Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IESG
– Internet Engineering Task Force
InterNIC-Internet
Network Centre
IRTF-Internet
Research Task Force
ISOC-Internet
Society
ISTF-Internet
Social Task Force
W3C-World
Wide Wen Consortium
OASIS-Organization
for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
IRT
– Internet Related Technologies
HTTP-Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol
Computer
Vision Syndrome – Eyestrain, Tired Eys, Irritation, Blurred Vision, Double
Vision
Isnomia
– Working into the evening increases the level of Melatonin that leads to sleep
disturbances.
Repetitive
Stress Injuries – Injured cells releases substances called cytokines that
travel through the bloodstream
Hearing
Damage - Increase in Noise level above
85 decibels destroys cells in the inner ear.
Printers
shoot out invisible particles into air that lodges in the lungs and leads to
Asthma.
INAPC-Indian
National Active Place for Climate
UNFCC-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Copernicus
Galileo Kepler
(Heliocentric
system)The birth of modern astronomy
Galileo-Experimental
observations as the basis for science
The birth of modern
astronomy
The Renaissance and
its significance
•Leonardo Da Vinci
•Galileo
•Flowering of Art and
Science
Galilean refractor being
displayed in Venice
Rene
Descartes
17thCentury
Cartesian
Dualism (in “Discourse on the Method”)-Separation of mind and matter
Possible
to know about the world through deductive reasoning alone.
Analytical Geometry developed by him
Reductionism
Descarte’s proposal
that for any matter living or non living ( except humans) one could study the
system as if it is composed of different working mechanical parts. Conceiving
the universe as a giant “clockwork mechanism”
Other periods in history
important for science
Age of Enlightenment (18th
Century)
Importance of reason, analysis
over traditional figures of authority
The industrial revolution and
technology for mass production (19th century)
What
is Science? ––Verifiability OR FalsifiabilityVerifiability Falsifiability
•Positivistview
of scientific method-Verifiability is an important criterion
•Karl
Popper-Not verifiability but rather falsifiable statements useful in science
•Example-Assertion
that “all crows are black” is in practice non verifiable since we can never be
sure that we have looked at the complete set of crows that exist or will exist
•On
the other hand even one counter example of a non black crow can make the above
statement false
•Also
tautologies such as “ A crow is a bird that is black” has no value
What is Science?
(Accepted view of a scientific method)
Science in
non-western cultures
•Mathematics/Astronomy in ancient India
•Vyakarana-Panini
•Medicine/ Surgery (
Charaka, Sushruta)
•Metallurgy (
Damascus steel, Iron smelting, coins)
•Hindu/Arabic
numerals
Pre Final Exam
1. How many matched chromosomes
does a mature ovum contain?
A. 43 B. 46 C.
23 D.
22
2. Which are the chemical
substances that facilitate direct communication between neurons?
A. Neurohonnones B. Neuromodulators
C. Neurotransmitters D. Neuro peptides
3. The study of the nature of
knowledge is called
A. Epistemology B. Epiphenomenalism
C. Empiricism D. Euphemistic labeling
4. Insomnia is a characteristic
feature of
A. Schizophrenia B. Depression
C. Epilepsy D. Psychosis
5. It is a situation that occurs
when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness of
specific types of information held in memory-
A. Association B. Mnemonics
C. Cognition D.
Priming
6. In 1900
Max Planck discovers …
A. Quanta - the basis of quantum theory B. Telegraph Signal C.
Radio D. Television
7. In 1901 Guglielmo Marconi in
Newfoundland receives the first telegraph signal, sent from Cornwall in Great
Britain…
A. Quanta - the basis of quantum
theory B. Telegraph Signal C.
Radio D. Television
8. In 1903 The Wright brothers
successfully demonstrated ….
A. Motor powered flight B.
Satellite C. Radio D. Television
9. During which of the following
year Albert Einstein publishes the ‘Special Theory of Relativity’?
A.
1910 B. 1905 C. 1920 D. 1915
10. Which of the following was the
invention of Paul Ehrlich during 1909?
A. Sickle Cell disease
B. Antibiotic c. Vaccination D. Finds a cure for syphilis disease
11. Who discovered the structure of
the atom in 1913?
A.
Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford
B. Einstein C. Marconi D.
Galileo
12. Who invented the moving assembly
line for mass production of automobiles in 1913?
A. Planck B. Henry Ford C. Bohr D. Rutherford
13. Which of the following year Household appliances appear
- the vacuum cleaner, electric shaver, spin dryer, electric refrigerator,
frozen foods, speaker radio?
A.
1920's B. 1930’s C.
1940’s D.1950’s
14. During
1922 --- was discovered Frederick Banting and Charles Best?
A. Insulin B. Antibiotic C. Vaccination D.
Sickle cell disease
15. Which of the following item was
discovered in 1923 by Vladimir Zworykin?
A. television B. television camera C. Radio D.
Telephone
16. Who discovered the first new
galaxy besides our own in 1924?
A. Frederick B. Logie C. Bohr D. Edwin Hubble
17. Who made the first television
broadcast over radio waves in 1926?
A.
Frederick B. Edwin Hubble C. Logie D.
John Logie Baird
18. The first Renaissance scientist was a man named ---------
A. Nicolaus Copernicus B.
Galileo Galilei C. Johannes Kepler D. Isacc Newton
19. Which
is following fact true about Nicolaus Copernicus theory on planet earth?
A. Earth is not the center of the universe
B. Earth is the center of gravity and the lunar sphere
C. Earth’s motions include rotation, revolution, and annual
orientation/tilting of the axis
D. All the above
20. The
heliocentric model of Copernicus theory states about.
A. Earth Centered
Universe B. Sun Centered Universe C.
Both D. None
21. Which is the fact
true about ‘Sun Centered Universe’?
A. The only planets
known and found were Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
B. All the planets were
orbiting around the Sun
C. Moon ignored the
Sun’s orbit and orbited around the Earth’s orbit
D. All the above
22. Who proposed that
the earth rotates daily and revolves around the sun?
A. Archimedes B. Pythagoreans C. Galileo Galilei D.
Johannes Kepler
23. DNA
without introns is
A. B-DNA
B. Z-DNA C. Nuclear DNA D. Mitochondrial
DNA
24. Largest and the most
developed part of the human brain is
A. Cerebellum B.
Forebrain c. Hypothalamus D. Midbrain
25. Science is __________________
activity.
A. Individual B. Social
C.
Mandatory D. None of the above
26. _________________is American
author and professor of Biochemistry.
A. J.F Nash B. Issac Newton C.
Charles Darwin D. Issac Asimov
27. _________________ is the
biggest satellite of solar system
A. Ganymede B. Tollymede C. Satranus D.
None of the above
28. What is the
maximum speed possible for any wave in the solar system?
A. Every wave
can have its own speed
B. Speed of light
C. Speed of
electron
D. None of the
above
29. _______________
is the father of nuclear Physics.
A. Faraday B. W.L
Bragg C. Chadwick D. Rutherford
30. Mendel worked on ____________
plant.
A.
Ground nut B. Cashew nut C. Pea plant D.
Tea-plant
31. The phenomenon of light to
change its wavelength when it transverses a transparent material is called
A. Photo electric effect B.
Raman Effect C.
Dispersion D.
Theory of relativity
32. Study of earth’s atmosphere
is called ____________
A. Physiology B.
Astronomy C. Hydrology D. Meteorology
33. Cosmology is a study of
A. Religion B. Universe C.
Skin D. None of the
above
34. ______________________ is a
statement that we assume is true
A. Logic B. Hypothesis C. Inference D. Axiom
35. _______________________
introduced scientific method
A. Isaac Newton B. Francis Bacon C. Albert Einstein D. Charles Darwin
36. Knowledge from experience or
experiments is called _____________ Knowledge.
A. Hypothesis B. Inference
C. Theorem D. Empirical
Answer: D
37. E=mc2 is an
equation to prove
A. Photo electric effect B. Radio activity
C. Brownian motion D. Theory of relativity
Answer: D
38. Inexorable means
A. Unchanging B. Changing
C. Relative D. Destructive
Answer: A
39. Primitive observer defined
natural phenomenon as activity of
A. Super natural forces B. Humans
C. Machines D. None of the above
Answer: A
40. Feudalism was replaced
by…………………….
A. Humanities B. scientific revolution
C. Religion D. Ideology
Answer: B
41. Science and Technology in
Ancient India is a work by……….
A. Joseph Needhan B. D.P Chattopadhyaya
C. Sushil Kanar Mukherjee D. John Bernal
Answer: B
42.……………..is classical age of
Indian science.
A. 300-600 AD B. 700-1200 AD
C. 400-900 A.D D. 900-1200AD
Answer: C
43. Greeks are to thank…………………for
their scientific tradition
A. Babylonians B. Egyptians
C. Indians D. Both (a) and
(b)
Answer: D
44. Arthur Schopenhauer is a
………..philosopher
A. German B. British
C. American D. French
Answer: A
45. The clay which showed the
properties of nitroglycerine is called…………….
A. Safety powder or dynamite B. dynamo
C. Gun powder D. Hydrogen
Answer: A
46. ----- is the founder
president of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology.
A. Prof. N.R Dhar B. J.C Ghosh
C. J.N Mukherjee D. Sushil Kumar Mukharjee
Answer: D
47. _______________ made science
possible.
A. Feudalism B. Capitalism
C. Poverty D. Political reasons
Answer: B
48. Ayurveda emerged during
_____________________period
A. Post-Vedic period B. Vedic period
C. Indus valley D. Modern
Answer: D
49. Einstein received Nobel Prize
for Physics in
A. 1919 B. 1920 C.
1921 D.1922
Answer: C
50. C.V Raman won Nobel Prize for
A. Literature B. Chemistry
C. Physics D. Peace
Answer: C
51. True goal of scientific
research is
A. Experimentation B. Theorization
C. Contribute to knowledge D Material prosperity.
Answer: C
53. _____________is a discovery
of Alexander Fleming.
A. Pencillin B. Radio
C. Television D. Small-pox vaccine
Answer: A
54. Science is __________________
activity.
A. Individual B. Social
C. Mandatory D. None of the above
Answer: B
55. Average weight of man’s brain
is ………………………….than woman’s.
A. Greater B. Lesser
C. Equal to D. None of the above
Answer: A
56. Who is the father of
genetics.
A. Charles Darwin B. Gustavo Kernel
C. Gregor Mendel D. Isaac Asimov
Answer: C
57. What is a problem of the
entire West
A. Poverty B. Illiteracy
C. The gulf between arts and
science D.
Language
Answer: C
58. ……………….. Was the beginning of
all scientific activities of England
A. Elizabethan period B. Victorian age
C. Modern period D. Jacobean period
Answer: B
59. Origin of species is a
work by
A. Mathew Arnold B. Charles Darwin
C. Albert Einstein D. Sigmund Freud
Answer: B
60.………………………… conflicted with
faith in the Victorian period
A. Science B. Philosophy
C. Mathematics D. None of these
Answer: A
61. The first unfavorable
condition for the underdevelopment of science and its history is………
A. Few knows the entirety of
science
B. Few are capable of
investigation by him all scientific questions
C. Both (A) and (B)
D. None of these
Answer: C
62. M.Berthelot disproved theory
of ………
A. Evolution B. Natural selection
C. Vitalism D. Origin of the universe
Answer: C
63. ----- is a form of social
inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their
experiences.
A. Empirical Research B. Qualitative Research C. Quantitative Research
Answer: B
64. Researchers use ------- to
explore the behavior, perspectives, feelings and experiences of people and what
lies at the core of their lives.
A. Empirical Research B. Qualitative Research C. Quantitative Research
Answer: B
65. The natural science model has
which of the following scientific approach?
A. Positivism B. Objectivism C. Naturalism D. All the above
Answer: D
66.
Every individual has a capacity to develop into a worthy person is
propounded by
A. Cognitive theorist’s B. Psycho analytic
theorists
C. Humanistic theories D. Behavioristic
theorists
Answer:
C
67. The model which includes
sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory is proposed by
A. Jenkin and Dallenbach B. Broadbent
C. Hermann Ebbinghaus D.
Atkinson and Shiffrin
Answer:
D
68. The
process of increase in food-grain production is said to be ---
A.
Green Revolution B. White Revolution C. Agricultural Revolution D. Crop Revolution
69. The
method of crossing between genetically dissimilar plants are said to be ---
A.
Kharif Crop B. Genetically Modified Crop C. Mixed Crop D. Hybridization
70. Weeds
and insect’s pests are said to be …
A.
Unwanted in the crop
field B. Nuisance in
the crop field C. Both A and B D. Useful for production
71. Which
of the following is said to be Cereals?
A.
Wheat and Rice B. Mail and Oats C. Both A and B D. None
72. Which
of the following fact is true about Kharif crop?
A.
Crops grown in rainy
season B. Paddy, Soya Bean and
Ground Nut C. Both A and B D. None
73. The
method used in the way of improving the crop by introducing a gene that would
provide the desired characteristic is said to be …
A. Hybridization B. Genetically
Modified Crops C. Kharif
Crop D. None
74. Two
or more crops grown simultaneously on the same piece of land is said to be ---
A. Mixed crop B.
Hybridization C. Genetically
Modified crop D. None
75. Scientific
management of animal livestock, includes feeding, breeding and diseases control
is said to be ---
A.
Animal Husbandry B. Animal based farming C. Both
A and B D. None
76. Which
of the following process carried out by both Aquaculture and Mariculture?
A.
Fish Production B. Growing of Marine Fish C. Both D. Growing of Flowers
77. Who coined the term ‘Industrial Revolution’ in 1837?
A. Blanqui a French socialist B. John Kay C. Samuel Crompton D. James
Watt
78. Where did the Revolution begin and when?
A. England
in 1750 B. England in
1837 C. Europe in 1750 D. None
79. Which of the following two movements can be regarded as the precursor
of the Industrial Revolution?
A.
The Renaissance and the Reformation B. Political stability C. Availability of coal and iron D. All the above
80. When and by whom was the Flying Shuttle invented?
A. 1733 by John Kay B. 1837 by Blanqui C. 1779 by Samuel Crompton D. None
81. In which year and who was the Spinning Mule invented?
A. 1733 by John Kay B. 1837 by Blanqui C.
1779 by Samuel Crompton D. None
82. What is the importance of James Watt in the year 1769?
A. Steam Engine B.
Flying Shuttle C. Printing Press D. Transistor
83. Who is regarded as the father of the railway system? Where was the
railway line to carry passengers laid in 1830 between Liverpool
and Manchester?
A. George Stephenson B.
Blanqui C. John Kay D. Samual Crompton
84. Where
was the first railway line built in India in 1853?
A. Mumbai to Punjab B. Mumbai to Thane C.
Mumbai to Kerala D. None
85. Who improved on Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny?
A. Blanqui B. Richard
Arkwright C. John Kay D. Samual Crompton
86. Name the first warship built of iron plates in England in 1860.
A. Flying Plate B. Warrior C.
Winner D. Warship
87. Name the first Asian country to be industrialized.
A. Singapore B. India C.
Japan D. None
88. What is IRS?
A.
Indian Railway System B.
Indian Recruitment System C. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite D. None
89. Who created the first aircraft
to carry a human?
A.
Soviat Union B.
England C. Japan D. None
90. Who are all called as important socialist thinkers?
A. Karl
Marx and Robert B. Owen and
Charles Fourier C. Saint Simon D.
All of the above
91. The process of Triangulation has which of the following?
A.
Data Sources b.
Theories C. Researchers D. All of these
92. What
is intron?
93. What is the
name of conventional genetic disease?
A. Sickle
cell disease B. Insomnia C. Pornography D. Syphilis
94. Which of the following definition for ‘Science’ has
been coined by ‘Carl Sagan’
E.Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of
knowledge
F. Is an intellectual activity carried
out by humans
G.
Science
is a knowledge covering General truths of the operation of general laws
H. All of science is uncertain and subject to revision.
95.
Who was the mathematician that gathered information about optics and
hydrodynamics during 1400’s
- Leonardo da vince B. Georg Purbach C. Johannes Gutenberg D. Martin Behaim
96. Who developed Astrology?
- Babylonians B. Chaldeans C. Babylonians and Chaldeans D. Greeks
97. Chloramphenicol is considered to be ---
- Bacteriostatic
antibiotic B. Stops
antibiotic metabolism C.
Both D.
None
98.
A supposition which is put forward as a probable explanation of a given
fact is said to be ---
- Working Hypothesis B. Proving of Hypothesis C. Verification of
hypothesis D. Hypothesis
99. --- and --- are used in scientific exploration to gather data and
help answering the questions about the natural world.
A. Rulers and Balance B.
Telescopes and microscope C.
Thermometers and Cylinders D.
All the above
100. Which of the following are Antibiotic-resistant
bacteria’s
A. MRSA
and E. coli B. Vancomycin
Resistant Enterococci (VRE) C. Multi-resistant
and Acinetobacter D. All the above
101. Which are all the following bacterial
infections can be cure by Antibiotics?
A.
Pneumonia B. Meningitis C. Both D. None
102. In 1628, who proved for the first time, that
the heart was a pump and circulated blood around the body/
A. William Harvey B. Christian Huggens D.
Marcello Malpighi D. Christopher
Merrett
103. Which
of the following disease will not respond to antibiotics?
A.
Cold B. Flu C. Bronchitis D.
All the above
104.
Who Proposed Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe in 1927?
A. Georges
Lemaitre B. Christian
Huggens C. Marcello Malpighi D. Christopher Merrett
105. Who proposed the theory of the expanding universe in 1929?
A. Georges Lemaitre B. Edwin
Hubble C. Marcello
Malpighi D. Christopher Merrett
106. Who invented the cyclotron to study the behavior
of accelerated atomic particles in 1931?
A.
Ernest Lawrence invents B. Georges Lemaitre C. Marcello Malpighi D. Christopher Merrett
107. Who described the nucleus of the atom as
composed of protons and neutrons in 1932?
A. James Chadwick B. Georges
Lemaitre C. Marcello Malpighi D. Christopher Merrett
108. Who demonstrated the first
controlled nuclear reaction in 1942?
A. Georges Lemaitre B. Marcello Malpighi C. Christopher Merrett D. Enrico Fermi
109. Which of the following is said
to be the first electronic computer ?
A.
EDVAC B. Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer
and Computer (ENIAC) C.
Both D. None
110. Who invented the transistor in 1947?
A. Georges Lemaitre B. Marcello Malpighi C. Christopher Merrett B.
William Shockley
1948 Percy Julian develops synthetic
cortisone
1950 Gertrude Elion develops
chemotherapy to treat leukaemia
1952 Jonas Salk produces a vaccine
against poliomyelitis
1952 Henri Laborit's discovery of
chlorpromazine founds the basis for drug therapies to treat mental illness
1953 James Watson and Francis Crick,
with the contribution of Rosalind Franklin and others, discover the double
helix structure of DNA, the building block of life
1960 Peter Medawar discovers basis
of immuno-suppression
1960 Stephen Hawking publishes his
Grand Unified Theory of the origin of the universe
1960s Discovery of restriction
enzymes - the 'scissors' used to splice genes in genetic engineering
1961 The Soviet Union puts the first
astronaut into orbit around the Earth
1964 Murray Gell-Man predicts the
existence of quarks
1967 Christiaan Barnard carries out
first human heart transplant
1967 Jocelyn Bell identifies pulsars
(neutron stars)
1969 Dorothy Hodgkin describes the
molecular structure of insulin
1970’s computerized tomography (CT
scan) to look at soft tissues
1970s Some US university campuses
linked by a computer network, ARPAnet
1971 Gilbert Hyatt and Intel make
the first commercial computer microprocessor
1975 Discovery of endorphins -
natural pain killers in the brain
1975 Cesar Milstein and co-workers
develop monoclonal antibodies, the 'magic bullets' that can seek out specific
antigens and therefore disease-causing organisms
1980s Discovery of prions, a new
class of infectious agents unlike viruses. A prion causes Bovine Spongiform
Encephaly or 'mad cow disease'
1983 Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo
isolate HIV, the virus that causes AIDS
1987 Discovery of fluoxetine
(Prozac) as a therapy for depression
1990 Tim Berners-Lee, a consultant
at CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, along with his colleague
Robert Cailliau author software that gave birth of the World Wide Web
1996 'Dolly' the sheep is born in
Scotland. She was produced by cloning a single mammary cell
1997 Scientists
accurately predict the El Niño climatic phenomenon in the tropical Pacific,
greatly reducing the social and economic effects of the floods and droughts
that follow in many parts of the world.
